This Article concludes that a new, comprehensive legal framework at both the domestic and international levels is needed to more effectively address cyber- attacks. The law of war, for example, provides a useful framework for only the very small number of cyber-attacks that amount to an armed attack or that take place in the context of an ongoing armed conflict. This review makes clear that existing law effectively addresses only a small fraction of potential cyber-attacks. It begins by clarifying what cyber-attacks are and how they already are regulated by existing bodies of law, including the law of war, international treaties, and domestic criminal law. This Article examines how existing law may be applied-and adapted and amended-to meet the distinctive challenge posed by cyber-attacks. Yet the attacks look little like the armed attacks that the law of war has traditionally regulated. As a result, some have suggested that cyber-attacks should be treated as acts of war. Capable of shutting down nuclear centrifuges, air defense systems, and electrical grids, cyber-attacks pose a serious threat to national security. Cyber-attacks have become increasingly common in recent years.
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